NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) works by serving as a substrate for enzymes called sirtuins and PARPs, which regulate processes like stress response, inflammation control, and genomic stability. By activating these pathways, NAD+ helps repair damaged DNA, improve mitochondrial efficiency, and support healthy cellular signaling. This makes NAD+ crucial not only for energy metabolism but also for longevity and protection against age-related decline. Its role in maintaining cellular homeostasis and promoting optimal function has positioned NAD+ as a key target in

research on anti-aging, neuroprotection, and metabolic health.